Friday 31 July 2015

Chinese atomic ambitions trump human rights


Letter sent to The Times on 31 July:

Your report on the short-term visa granted to Chinese stellar artist and architect, Weiwei (“’Shameful’ visa snub for artist Ai Weiwei,” ) and accompanying leader (“Chinese Puzzle,”  July 31, http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/leaders/article4513143.ece) wonders why the British Government appears to be “kowtowing” to the Chinese Government leadership  in snubbing this world-reknown creative master.

One possible reason is, as your leader spells out, as some 20 billion in British exports to China may be at stake, and they want to keep Chinese president  Xi Jinping happy as he plans his October visit to London

However, another, perhaps more complex reason, might be the desperate need to secure Chinese inward investment into the financially stricken UK nuclear power sector.

As your leader was being read on Friday morning, UK Energy Secretary Amber Rudd, who had joined the prime minister’s far east tour, but diverted to Beijing as he flew home,  revealed  in the Chinese capital she expects that the long-delayed  deal for Hinkley Point C new nuclear power plant in Somerset  could be signed during  Xi Jinping London visit.

This deal was paved during George Osborne’s visit to China in autumn 2013. The Chancellor said in a statement on 15 October that year (“UK-China Economic Financial Dialogue: Chancellor's statement,”https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/uk-china-economic-financial-dialogue-chancellors-statement%20)

Since then ,it has emerged from China that the primary Chinese partner  for the Hinkley Point  and Bradwell  B new reactor deals, China General Nuclear, has  been strongly pressing for a greater share of the supply chain, especially for Bradwell in Essex in which it wants considerable design and safety autonomy, something  Britain’s  independent nuclear  safety regulator, the Office for Nuclear Regulation, is rightly resisting.(“Chinese firms to supply equipment for Hinkley Point-EDF,“ Reuters, May 12, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/12/edf-britain-china-idUSL5N0Y31PT20150512)

With the putative main French nuclear investor in Hinkley C, EDF, agreeing after protracted negotiations on 29 July to  take a stake of at least 51% in the reactor design business of Areva, the technically bankrupt French partner  at Hinkley C (http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C-EDF-agrees-to-majority-stake-in-Arevas-reactor-business-3007156.html), ministers are now under acute pressure  to conclude  the final financial investment decision with EDF, with Chinese backing.

Hence the British Government’s unwelcome for the dissident Weiwei.

Thursday 30 July 2015

Corbyn's innovative green economic investment strategy


 
Letter sent to Independent on 30 July:
Well done to Mark Leftly for taking seriously Jeremy Corbyn’s alternative economic strategy and analysing its merits (“The City has been too quick to dismiss the threat of Corbyn,” Parliamentary business, 29 July http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/comment/the-city-has-been-too-quick-to-dismiss-the-threat-of-jeremy-corbyn-10423002.html). As Leftly rightly reports, Corbyn’s strategy has been all but ignored by other newspapers and broadcasters, which is one reason so many are bemused by Corbyn’s popularity in the Labour leadership race.

However, I disagree with Leftly that Corbyn’s leadership “must be considered a political risk British business” and “his supporters would relish that.”

Corbyn’s strategy might be a threat to some old-fashioned, dinosaur-like and vastly overpaid  British business executives, but is actually just what British workers and investors in British business needs.

Corbyn’s economic strategy is innovative and progressive, to borrow former Labour deputy leader Lord Prescott’s favourite Labour aphorism:  traditional socialist ideas in a modern setting.
Corbyn's strategy spells out that Labour must create a balanced economy that ensures workers and government share fairly in the wealth creation process

• that encourages and supports innovation in every sector of the economy; and

• that invests in skills and infrastructure to build an economy that is more

sustainable and more equal.

He then fills in the policy space by suggesting that:  "One option would be for the Bank of England to be given a new mandate to upgrade our economy to invest in new large scale housing, energy, transport and digital projects."

This, he dubs, “quantitative easing for people instead of banks.”

To be fair, as you reported on 28 July “Yvette Cooper: Our choice is years of Tory rule under Jeremy Corbyn or a return to a Labour government” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/yvette-cooper-our-choice-is-years-of-tory-rule-under-jeremy-corbyn-or-a-return-to-a-labour-government-10422279.html)

- notwithstanding the headline - Ms Cooper has an approach to investment in low carbon greener technology very similar to Corbyn’s when she revealed her plan includes a wholesale review to ensure economic growth does not increase carbon emissions; encouraging local action to decarbonise in cities and towns; building more “ecotowns” and developing  carbon capture and storage to create up to 30,000 jobs by 2030.

The sooner all political commentators examine  whatCorbyn writes and says in rallies, rather than report the ubiquitous, ill-informed political prejudices of his opponents in the Labour Party, especially Blairite MPs, the more sensible and better informed the important  political debate over Labour’s leadership  will become.

Sunday 26 July 2015

Atomic adventures in Space


 Letter sent  to The Times on 26 July

Your technology correspondent in his fascinating report on the latest ideas to use nuclear power in space (“Big blast off: nuclear engine could propel rockets into deep space,” July 25 http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/technology/article4507904.ece ) wrote that “in the late 1940s NASA;s   [the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration] Project Orion suggested propelling spacecraft with a series of explosions from atomic bombs.”

Such ideas did indeed begin immediately post war, when general proposals of nuclear propulsion were first made by Polish-American mathematician Stanislaw Ulam in 1946, and preliminary calculations were made by American physicist Frederick and Ulam in a memorandum at the Los Alamos atomic research labs memorandum dated 1947, but this was not by NASA, which was not created until a decade later by US President Eisenhower  1958.

In 1959, NASA began work Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA) with the US Atomic Energy Commission to develop a nuclear powered rocket to carry astronauts into space, but the project was ended in 1973

In 1972 and 1973 Nasa then launched its Pioneer space probes, which used 155-watt nuclear batteries to keep them powered; and The Viking landers, which touched down on Mars for the first time in 1976, also used plutonium batteries to power their experiments; and the Voyager probes, which have become the first manmade objects to leave the solar system, also relied upon three plutonium-238 batteries that have allowed them to communicate with Earth for 36 years

Bur launching nuclear powered-propulsion n units have serious risks NASA’s  failed meteorological Nimbus B1 satellite blew up on launch in 1968, containing . plutonium batteries.

The nuclear  pack in this case  was tiny and later recovered, but in the much bigger rockets now under discussion could much bigger dangers if an accident took place on launch

A year ago The Times carried another excellent article on the use of nuclear blast in space (“Americans planned nuclear explosion on the Moon. “ July 25 2014,
http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/americas/article4158080.ece), when James Hider wrote about  the US Project Horizon drawn up in 1959.

Hider article followed the revelations by the late, great populist American astronomer Carl Sagan, who unveiled  decade earlier in Nature details of t
he top-secret Project A119 in 1958-59 that reported on 'A Study of Lunar Research Flights' to investigate the visibility and effects of a nuclear explosion on the moon.(
Nature, vol. 405, May 4, 2000, p.13
With the plutonium-powered New Horizons space probe having spectacularly just reached Pluto, no doubt the merits of use of nuclear power in space will be firmly back on NASA’s agenda

Thursday 23 July 2015

Why elephantine Hinkley Point C project should be abandonned


Letter submitted to The Guardian on 23 July :
I agree with much of your first comment on climate change (“Greening the economy : the price worth paying,” 23 July)
(http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/22/the-guardian-view-on-greening-the-economy-the-price-is-worth-paying)
However, I would like to expand upon the observation you make at the foot of the leader, where you correctly assert “just like fracking and nuclear, greening the energy supply needs intervention.”

The question is:  what is a reasonably sensible subsidy to provide energy  technologies, especially those that generate electricity?

Your energy editor reports in the same edition of the paper (“Government to cut solar power subsidies saving customers 50 pence per year”) that the discontinuation of solar subsides will save customers a trivial amount off their annual energy bills, but will simultaneously devastate a fast growing, but still young, sustainable energy sector.

This is stupidly shortsighted from the Chancellor George Osborne, whose slash and burn strategy is being implmented by an impotent and reluctant energy and climate change department, who seems to have forgotten their climate change responsibilities

The chancellor’s father in-law, Lord Howell of Guildford, who in 1979, as Margaret Thatcher’s first energy secretary , announced a programme of ten nuclear reactors , of which only one, Sizewell B was ever built, had the following to say in the debate on the new Energy Bill in the Lords on 22 July:

“By far the biggest obligation, or future burden, on consumers and households is the Hinkley Point C nuclear project. I am very pro-nuclear and pro its low-carbon contribution but this must be one of the worst deals ever for British households and British industry. Furthermore, the component suppliers to EDF are in trouble, costs keep rising, no reactor of this kind has ever been completed successfully, those that are being built are years behind and workers at the site have been laid off, so personally I would shed no tears at all if the elephantine Hinkley Point C project were abandonned”(Lords Hansard, 22 July 2015 : Column 1129 http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201516/ldhansrd/text/150722-0001.htm#15072240000325)
 

Mr Osborne could do worse than seek the wise counsel from Lord Howell over Sunday lunch sometime soon. over  Hinkley Point C ’s absurdly huge subsidies and massive future  costs to taxpayers and bill payers.

And the newly constituted parliamentary energy and climate change select committee should investigate this funding situation as its first priority

Wednesday 22 July 2015

A Moron Speaks...


 
In an intemperate outburst- some might call it an emotional spasm - John McTernan, ex-adviser to Tony Blair, told Newsnight viewers on 21st July that MPs who "lent" their nominations to Mr Corbyn to "broaden the debate" were "morons".

One such MP was former Labour stand-in Leader, Dame Margaret Beckett.  During an interview with BBC Radio 4's World at One today Mrs Beckett was asked if she was a moron for nominating Mr Corbyn. She replied: "I am one of them."

McTernan is the same political advisor who  in the months running  up to May’s General Election advised Labour's outgoing leader in Scotland, Jim Murphy,  the viscerally pro-Trident former shadow defence secretary, who led Labour to an unprecedented historic electoral wipe-out in Scotland, with only one Labour candidate winning a seat, an openly anti-Trident politician, Ian Murray, MP for Edinburgh East, who  is now shadow Scottish Secretary

After a weekend of collective political assassination by the press- when all the heavyweight Sunday papers from the left-leaning Observer and Independent on Sunday, the right wing Sunday Times and Sunday Telegraph ran endless d columns berating Corbyn personally and politically, liberally buttressed by endless supine comments from Corbyn’s Labour Party colleagues, all gutlessly quoted anonymously attacking him and all he stands for.

The result? Today’s Times  reveals Corbyn is now even further ahead, putting him 17 % ahead of nearest rival, Andy Burnham, of those recorded as planning to vote for him when the ballot opens early next month.

(“Labour war as Corbyn closes in on leadership,” 22 July http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article4504838.ece)

One of the staunchest and best thought out of Corbyn’s policies  is his opposition not just to the replacement of the Trident nuclear WMD system - with the planned £100 billion modernization – but also his opposition to all nuclear weapons, everywhere. In this  he differs markedly from his three Labour leadership rivals, Burnham, Yvette Cooper, and Liz Kendall, each of whom, at a time of extreme austerity, countenance spending that £100 billion of taxpayers’ money on a high tech mass killing system, instead of on housing, health care, the environment and “green jobs”, or global peacekeeping and international aid

 

And mainstream political commentators, including Jason Cowley, astonishingly the  editor of ther formerly leftist political weekly, The New Statesman, who chose to peddle his anti-Corbyn, pro-Trident views in the right wing Daily Mail today, still attack Corbyn’s policies.

 

So what does the ”moron” Dame Margaret Beckett think of nuclear weapons? Below is a her valedictory keynote speech as Labour Foreign Secretary, made to a prestigious conference in Washington DC, eight years ago, entitled:

 

“ A World Free of Nuclear Weapons?”

Whose views – Corbyn’s, Burnham, Cooper or Kendall – do they most resemble?

Margaret Beckett June 25, 2007 Washington, D.C.

Summary

What we need is both vision - a scenario for a world free of nuclear weapons. And action - progressive steps to reduce warhead numbers and to limit the role of nuclear weapons in security policy. These two strands are separate but they are mutually reinforcing. Both are necessary, both at the moment too weak.

 

    

 

Remarks by Margaret Beckett, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, United Kingdom
Carnegie International Nonproliferation Conference
June 25, 2007


Photo Gallery
Good afternoon.
I expect that many - if not all - of you here today read an article which appeared in the Wall Street Journal at the very start of this year. The writers would be as familiar to an audience in this country as they are respected across the globe: George Shultz, William Perry, Henry Kissinger, Sam Nunn.
The article made the case for, and I quote, "a bold initiative consistent with America's moral heritage". That initiative was to re-ignite the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons and to redouble efforts on the practical measures towards it.
The need for such vision and action is all too apparent.
Last year, Kofi Annan said - and he was right - that the world risks becoming mired in a sterile stand-off between those who care most about disarmament and those who care most about proliferation. The dangers of such mutually assured paralysis - as he termed it - are dangers to us all. Weak action on disarmament, weak consensus on proliferation are in none of our interests. And any solution must be a dual one that sees movement on both proliferation and disarmament - a revitalisation, in other words, of the grand bargain struck in 1968, when the Non-Proliferation Treaty was established.
What makes this the time to break the stand-off?
Today the non-proliferation regime today is under particular pressure. We have already seen the emergence of a mixture of further declared and undeclared nuclear powers. And now, two countries - Iran and North Korea, both signatories of the NPT - stand in open defiance of the international community. Their actions have profound and direct implications for global security. Each of them also raises the serious prospect of proliferation across their region.
In the case of Iran, in particular, if the regime is trying to acquire nuclear weapons - and there are very few either in that region or outside it who seriously doubt that that is the goal - then it is raising the spectre of a huge push for proliferation in what is already one of the most unstable parts of the world.
That alone makes the debate on disarmament and non-proliferation we must have today different in degree: it has become more immediate and more urgent.
On top of that, we must respond to other underlying trends that are putting added pressure on the original non-proliferation regime. One of those is the emergence of Al Qaeda and its offshoots - terrorists whom we know to be actively seeking nuclear materials.
Another is the anticipated drive towards civil, nuclear power as the twin imperatives of energy security and climate security are factored into energy policy. How can we ensure that this does not lead to either nuclear materials or potentially dangerous nuclear know-how - particularly enrichment and reprocessing technologies - being diverted for military use or falling into the wrong hands? How do we do so without prejudice to the economic development of countries that have every right under the NPT to develop a civil, nuclear capability.
Lastly there are some very specific triggers for action - key impending decisions - that we are fast approaching. The START treaty will expire in 2009. We will need to start thinking about how we move from a bilateral disarmament framework built by the US and Russia to one more suited to our multi-polar world.
And then in 2010 we will have the NPT Review Conference. By the time that is held, we need the international community to be foursquare and united behind the global non-proliferation regime. We can't afford for that conference to be a fractured or fractious one: rather we must strengthen the NPT in all its aspects.
That might all sound very challenging - I meant it to. But there is no reason to believe that we cannot rise to that challenge.
Let's look at the facts. Despite the recent log-jam, the basic non-proliferation consensus is and has been remarkably resilient. The grand bargain of the NPT has, by and large, held for the past 40 years. The vast majority of states - including many that have the technology to do so if they chose - have decided not to develop nuclear weapons. And far fewer states than was once feared have acquired and retained nuclear weapons.
Even more encouragingly, and much less well known outside this room, many more states - South Africa, Libya, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, [Belarus], Argentina, Brazil - have given up active nuclear weapons programmes, turned back from pursuing such programmes, or - in the case of the former Soviet Union countries - chosen to hand over weapons on their territory.
And of course the Nuclear Weapons States themselves have made significant reductions in their nuclear arsenals, which I will come to later.
So we have grounds for optimism; but none for complacency. The successes we have had in the past have not come about by accident but by applied effort. We will need much more of the same in the months and years to come. That will mean continued momentum and consensus on non-proliferation, certainly. But, and this is my main argument today, the chances of achieving that are greatly increased if we can also point to genuine commitment and concrete action on nuclear disarmament.
Given the proliferation challenges we face, it is not surprising that so much of our focus should be on non-proliferation itself.
For the reasons I gave a moment ago, stopping and reversing nuclear proliferation in North Korea and Iran has to remain a key priority for the whole international community.
With North Korea the best hope to reverse their nuclear programme remains patient multilateral diplomacy underpinned by sanctions regimes.
As for Iran, the generous offer the E3+3 made in June 2006 is still on the table. Sadly Iran has chosen not to comply with its international legal obligations, thereby enabling negotiations to resume. That forced us to seek a further Security Council Resolution. We will do so again if necessary.
The US contribution on Iran has, naturally, been critical. It made the Vienna offer both attractive and credible - showing that the entire international community was willing to welcome Iran back into its ranks provided that it conformed to international norms on the nuclear file and elsewhere. And I have no doubt that the close co-operation between the US, Europe, Russia and China has been a powerful point of leverage on the Iranians. We must hope it succeeds.
The US has also taken the lead on much of the vital work that is going on to prevent existing nuclear material falling into the hands of terrorists and rogue states. That framework is more robust than ever before - the Global Threat Reduction Initiative, the Proliferation Security Initiative, the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism and efforts to prevent the financing of proliferation.
Meanwhile, there is some imaginative work going on aimed at persuading states that they can have guaranteed supplies of electricity from nuclear power without the need to acquire enrichment and reprocessing technologies. For example, the work on fuel supply assurances following the report of the IAEA expert group; the US's own Global Nuclear Energy Partnership initiative on more proliferation-resistant technologies; and the UK's own proposal for advanced export approval of nuclear fuel that cannot subsequently be revoked - the so-called "enrichment bond".
But the important point is this: in none of those areas will we stand a chance of success unless the international community is united in purpose as well as in action.
And what that Wall Street Journal article, and for that matter Kofi Annan, have been quite right to identify is that our efforts on non-proliferation will be dangerously undermined if others believe - however unfairly -that the terms of the grand bargain have changed, that the nuclear weapon states have abandoned any commitment to disarmament.
The point of doing more on disarmament, then, is not to convince the Iranians or the North Koreans. I do not believe for one second that further reductions in our nuclear weapons would have a material effect on their nuclear ambitions.
Rather the point of doing more is this: because the moderate majority of states - our natural and vital allies on non-proliferation - want us to do more. And if we do not, we risk helping Iran and North Korea in their efforts to muddy the water, to turn the blame for their own nuclear intransigence back onto us. They can undermine our arguments for strong international action in support of the NPT by painting us as doing too little too late to fulfil our own obligations.  And that need to appear consistent, incidentally, is just as true at the regional level. The international community's clear commitment to a Middle East Nuclear Weapons Free Zone in successive UN resolutions has been vital in building regional support for a tough line against Iran.
So what does doing more - and indeed being seen to do more - on disarmament actually mean?
First, I think we need to be much more open about the disarmament steps we are already taking or have taken. Here in the long-standing, and understandable, culture of secrecy that surrounds the nuclear world we may be our own worst enemy. There is little public remembrance or recognition of the vast cuts in warheads - some 40 000 - made by the US and the former USSR since the end of the Cold War. Nor, for that that matter, the cuts that France and the UK have made to our much smaller stocks. We all need to do more to address this. And I welcome the US State Department's recent moves in that direction.
But we'd be kidding ourselves if we thought that this was a problem of perception only - simply a failure to communicate. The sense of stagnation is real enough. The expiry of the remaining US-Russia arms control deals; the continued existence of large arsenals; the stalemate on a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty. They all point to an absence of debate at the highest levels on disarmament and a collective inability thus far to come up with a clear, forward plan.
What we need is both vision - a scenario for a world free of nuclear weapons. And action - progressive steps to reduce warhead numbers and to limit the role of nuclear weapons in security policy. These two strands are separate but they are mutually reinforcing. Both are necessary, both at the moment too weak.
Let me start with the vision because it is, perhaps, the harder case to make. After all, we all signed up to the goal of the eventual abolition of nuclear weapons back in 1968; so what does simply restating that goal achieve today?
More than you might imagine. Because, and I'll be blunt, there are some who are in danger of losing faith in the possibility of ever reaching that goal.
That would be a grave mistake. The judgement we made forty years ago, that the eventual abolition of nuclear weapons was in all of our interests - is just as true today as it was then. For more than sixty years, good management and good fortune have meant that nuclear arsenals have not been used. But we cannot rely on history just to repeat itself.
It would be a grave mistake for another reason, too. It underestimates the power that commitment and vision can have in driving action.
A parallel can be drawn with some of those other decades-long campaigns conducted as we strive for a more civilised world.
When William Wilberforce began his famous campaign, the practice of one set of people enslaving another had existed for thousands of years. He had the courage to challenge that paradigm; and in so doing he helped to bring an end to the terrible evil of the transatlantic slave trade.
Would he have achieved half as much, would he have inspired the same fervour in others if he had set out to 'regulate' or 'reduce' the slave trade rather than abolish it? I doubt it.
Similarly the Millennium Development Goals, the cancellation of third-world debt, increased overseas aid were all motivated by the belief that one day, however far off it might seem, we could "Make Poverty History".
So too with nuclear weapons. Believing that the eventual abolition of nuclear weapons is possible can act as a spur for action on disarmament. Believing, at whatever level, that it is not, is the surest path to inaction. If there will always be nuclear weapons, what does it matter if there are 1000 or 10 000?
And just as the vision gives rise to action, conversely so does action give meaning to the vision. As that Wall Street Journal article put it: "Without the bold vision, the actions will not be perceived as fair and urgent. Without the actions, the vision will not be perceived as realistic or possible"
By actions, I do not mean that the nuclear weapons states should be making immediate and unrealistic promises - committing to speedy abolition, setting a timetable to zero.
The truth is that I very much doubt - though I would wish it otherwise - that we will see the total elimination of nuclear weapons in my lifetime. To reach that point would require much more than disarmament diplomacy, convoluted enough though that is in itself. It would require a much more secure and predictable global political context.
That context does not exist today. Indeed it is why, only a few months ago, the UK took the decision to retain our ability to have an independent nuclear deterrent beyond the 2020s.
But acknowledging that the conditions for disarmament do not exist today does not mean resigning ourselves to the idea that nuclear weapons can never be abolished in the future. Nor does it prevent us from taking steps to reduce numbers now and to start thinking about how we would go about reaching that eventual goal of eliminating all nuclear weapons.
That is why in taking the decision to retain our ability to have nuclear weapons, the UK government was very clear about four things. First that we would be open and frank both with our own citizens and with our international partners about what we were doing and why. Second that we would be very clear and up front that when the political conditions existed, we would give up our remaining nuclear weapons. Third that we were not enhancing our nuclear capability in any way and would continue to act strictly in accordance with our NPT obligations. And fourth that we would reduce our stock of operationally available warheads by a further 20 per cent - to the very minimum we considered viable to maintain an independent nuclear deterrent.
This was our way - and I can assure you that it was a difficult process - to resolve the dilemma between our genuine commitment to abolition and our considered judgement that now was not the time to take a unilateral step to disarm.
It's the same dilemma that every nuclear weapons state faces. And we can all make the same choices in recommitting to the goal of abolition and taking practical steps towards achieving that goal.
Practical steps include further reductions in warhead numbers, particularly in the world's biggest arsenals. There are still over 20 000 warheads in the world. And the US and Russia hold about 96 per cent of them.
Almost no-one - politician, military strategist or scientist - thinks that warheads in those numbers are still necessary to guarantee international security. It should not therefore be controversial to suggest that there remains room for further significant reductions. So I hope that the Moscow Treaty will be succeeded by further clear commitments to significantly lower numbers of warheads - and include, if possible, tactical as well as strategic, nuclear weapons.
Since we no longer live in a bipolar world, those future commitments may no longer require strict parity. They could be unilateral undertakings. Certainly the UK experience - and indeed the United States' own experience with the reduction of its tactical weapons in Europe - is that substantial reductions can be achieved through independent re-examination of what is really needed to deter: that approach has allowed the UK to reduce our operationally available warheads by nearly half over the last ten years from what was already a comparatively low base. We have also reduced the readiness of the nuclear force that remains. We now have only one boat on patrol at any one time, carrying no more than 48 warheads - and our missiles are not targeted at anyone.
Commitments like these need not even be enshrined in formal treaties. The UK's reductions, after all, are not. But clearly both the US and Russia will require sufficient assurance that their interests and strategic stability will be safeguarded. Part of the solution may be provided by the extension of the most useful transparency and confidence building measures in the START framework, should the US and Russia agree to do so.
And I should make clear here again, that when it will be useful to include in any negotiations the one per cent of the world's nuclear weapons that belong to the UK, we will willingly do so.
In addition to further reductions, we need to press on with both the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and with the Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty. Both limit - in real and practical ways - the ability of states party to develop new weapons and to expand their nuclear capabilities. And as such they therefore both play a very powerful symbolic role too - they signal to the rest of the world that the race for more and bigger weapons is over, and that the direction from now on will be down not up. That's why we are so keen for those countries that have not yet done so to ratify the CTBT. The moratoriium observed by all the nuclear weapon states is a great step forward; but by allowing the CTBT to enter into force - and, of course, US ratification would provide a great deal of impetus - we would be showing that this is a permanent decision, a permanent change in the right direction.
At the same time, I believe that we will need to look again at how we manage global transparency and global verification. This will have to extend beyond the bilateral arrangements between Russia and the US. If we are serious about complete nuclear disarmament we should begin now to build deeper relationships on disarmament between nuclear weapon states.
For our part, the UK is ready and willing to engage with other members of the P5 on transparency and confidence building measures. Verification will be particularly key - any future verification regime for a world free of nuclear weapons will need to be tried and tested. In my opinion, it will need to place more emphasis on the warheads themselves than the current arrangement which focuses primarily on delivery systems. That will become particularly true as numbers of warheads drop.
Finally we have to keep doing the hard diplomatic work on the underlying political conditions - resolving the ongoing sources of tension in the world, not least in the Middle East and between Pakistan and India. We also need to build a more mature, balanced and stable relationship between ourselves and Russia.
And since I have the non-proliferation elite gathered in one room, let me emphasise the importance this and future UK governments will place on the agreement of an international and legally binding arms trade treaty. Conflicts across the globe are made more likely and more intense by those who trade arms in an irresponsible and unregulated way. An arms trade treaty would contribute to a focus on arms reduction and build a safer world.
When it comes to building this new impetus for global nuclear disarmament, I want the UK to be at the forefront of both the thinking and the practical work. To be, as it were, a "disarmament laboratory".
As far as new thinking goes, the International Institute of Strategic Studies is planning an in-depth study to help determine the requirements for the eventual elimination of all nuclear weapons. We will participate in that study and provide funding for one of their workshops, focussing on some of the crucial technical questions in this area.
The study and subsequent workshops will offer a thorough and systematic analysis of what a commitment to a world free of nuclear weapons means in practice. What weapons and facilities will have to go before we can say that nuclear weapons are abolished? What safeguards will we have to put in place over civil nuclear facilities? How do we increase transparency and put in place a verification regime so that everyone can be confident that no-one else has or is developing nuclear weapons? And finally - and this is perhaps the greatest challenge of all - what path can we take to complete nuclear disarmament that avoids creating new instabilities potentially damaging to global security.
Then we have the new areas of practical work. This will concentrate on the challenge of creating a robust, trusted and effective system of verification that does not give away national security or proliferation sensitive information.
Almost a decade ago, we asked the UK's Atomic Weapons Establishment to begin developing our expertise in methods and techniques to verify the reduction and elimination of nuclear weapons. We reported on this work throughout the last Non-Proliferation Treaty review cycle. Now we intend to build on this work, looking more deeply at several key stages in the verification process - and again report our findings as soon as possible.
One area we will be looking at further is authentication - in other words confirming that an object presented for dismantlement as a warhead is indeed a warhead. There are profound security challenges in doing that. We need to find ways to carry out that task without revealing sensitive information. At the moment we are developing technical contacts with Norway in this area. As a non-nuclear weapons state they will offer a valuable alternative perspective on our research.
Then we will be looking more closely at chain of custody issues - in other words how to provide confidence that the items that emerge from the dismantlement process have indeed come from the authenticated object that went into that process to begin with. Here we face the challenge of managing access to sensitive nuclear facilities. We have already carried out some trial inspections of facilities to draw lessons for the handling of access under any future inspections regime.
Last we intend to examine how to provide confidence that the dismantled components of a nuclear warhead are not being returned to use in new warheads. This will have to involve some form of monitored storage, with a difficult balance once again to be struck between security concerns and verification requirements. We are currently working on the design concepts for building such a monitored store, so that we can more fully investigate these complex practical issues.
Those initiatives I have announced today are only small ones. But they are in the right direction - a signal of intent and purpose to ourselves and to others. We will talk more and do more with our international partners - those who have nuclear weapons, those who do not - in the weeks and months to come.
I said earlier that I doubted that I would live to see a world free of nuclear weapons. My sadness at such a thought is real. Mine is a generation that has existed under the shadow of the bomb - knowing that weapons existed which could bring an end to humanity itself. We have become almost accustomed to that steady underlying dread, punctuated by the sharper fear of each new nuclear crisis: Cuba in 1962, the Able Archer scare of 1983, the stand-off between India and Pakistan in 2002.

But there is a danger in familiarity with something so terrible. If we allow our efforts on disarmament to slacken, if we allow ourselves to take the non-proliferation consensus for granted, the nuclear shadow that hangs over us all will lengthen and it will deepen. It may, one day, blot out the light for good.

So my commitment to the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons is undimmed. And though we in this room may never reach the end of that road, we can take the first steps down it. For any generation, that would be a noble calling. For ours, it is a duty.

Saturday 18 July 2015

Goliath vs David on nuclear documents disclosure


I submitted this letter to The Times on 18 July
I strongly support your first leader on Saturday “Addicted to Secrets,” (18 July).
(http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/leaders/article4501479.ece)
I am currently in a long running process of trying to obtain some important documents from the Department of Energy and Climate Change(DECC) on  set of key nuclear  investment decisions.

To date DECC has twice turned down my Freedom of Information application, which I initially submitted on 3 December last year. I asked DECC to release to me documentsI listed as provided to the European Commission is support of the UK application for State Aid agreement on the Hinkley Point C nuclear project.

These comprised:

a report by KPMG on potential distortions to competition; a report by Oxera on market failures, proportionality and potential distortions of competition; a study by Pöyry on potential distortions to the internal market and alternatives to new nuclear; report by Redpoint on the evolution of the UK electricity sector; & details of the Cost Discovery and Verification process, compiled by KPMG and LeighFisher;.

The intial refusal was based on the odd position that as DECC had handed them over to the European Commission, DECC no longer possessed them, as if there was only a single copy of each document, and that was now in Brussels.

Understandably, I challenged this nonsensical refusal to disclose the docuements. DECC upheld my appeal on the grounds that exceptions permit refusal :

industrial information’ (regulation 12(5)(e)) and ‘material in the course of completion, unfinished documents and incomplete data’ (regulation 12(4)(d)). The exceptions are qualified by the public interest test and DECC found in each case that on balance the public interest favoured maintaining the exception>”

I have subsequently appealed to the Information Commissioner. His Office is currently in several months long dialogue with DECC over disclosure.

But we are now nearly eight months since my original applicatrion, with me, an independent researcher, trying to secure documents from a Government Department with all its publicly-funded resources and lawyers.

It is literally Goliath vs David!

Beefing up the Freedom of Information Act, as your leader demands, should include timely disclosure periods for applicants.